Mësuesi: Mirë, jeni dymbëdhjetë nxënës. Sa janë djem dhe sa janë vajza?
Arbeni: Gjysma, zoti mësues. Ja po i numërojë: një, dy, tre... gjashtë. Janë gjashtë djem dhe gjashtë vajza.
Mësuesi: Numërojë edhe vajzat.
Arbeni: Një, dy, tre...
Mësuesi: Gabim, jo tre, por tri.
Teacher: Well, you are twelve students. How many are boys and how many are girls?
Arbeni: Half, Mr. Teacher. Here he is counting them: one, two, three ... six. There are six boys and six girls.
Teacher: Count the girls too. Arbeni: One, two, three ...
Teacher: Wrong, not tre, but tri.
Arbeni: Më fal, zotri mësues, ashtu është; për gjinin mashkullore themi tre, kurse për femëroren tri. Tri vajza dhe tre djem.
Mësuesi: Sa bëjnë katër dhe tre?
Arbeni: Shtatë.
Mësuesi: Po, ashtu është, katër dhe tre bëjnë shatë. Sa bëjnë tetë pa dy?
Arbeni: Gjashtë.
Mësuesi: Përsërite!
Arbeni: Tetë pa dy bëjnë gjashtë.
Arben: Excuse me, teacher, that's right; for the masculine we say three, and for the feminine three. Three daughters and three sons.
Teacher: How many are four and three?
Arben: Seven.
Teacher: Yes, that's right, four and three make a hoof. How much do eight do without two? Arben: Six. Teacher: Repeat! Arbeni: Eight without two makes six.
Sot, me besë po përpiqem të mbaroj shkollën e lartë. Kam nota të mira, pasiguri në vetvete dhe ëndrra të shumta. Mamaja ime është shumë krenare për mua. Ajo ështe forca ime. Sa diell që ka në jetën time!
Today, I am confidently trying to finish high school. I have good grades, self-doubt and many dreams. My mom is very proud of me. She is my strength. How sunny it is in my life!
Turkish is a member of the big Turkic languages family that is thought to have originated in East Asia, in the area stretching from Mongolia to North Western China.
It belongs to Oguz (western) branch of the family.
The migrations and conquests of nomadic Turkic tribes brought their language to Western Asia and the Balkans.
In modern times immigrants brought their language to Western Europe, mainly Germany.
Turkic languages
Turkish is the most widely spoken language of the family with an estimate of about 70 to 80 million speakers.
Their common traits are vowel harmony, agglutination (the use of many prefixes and suffixes in one word) and no grammatical gender.
Turkish is a very logical language grammatically with few exceptions and not that hard to learn for English speakers.
Countries with substantial numbers of Turkish speakers. Germany is one too.
It is written in a variant of the Latin alphabet introduced by reforms of Kemal Ataturk meant to westernise the country.
Formerly the Ottoman alphabet was used the so-called and Turko-Arabic script based on Arabic which was the official alphabet of the Ottoman administration.
The Ottoman alphabet was abolished with the introduction of the new Turkish alphabet.
Turkish personal pronouns can be divided into several categories based on their grammatical function. Here are the main categories of Turkish personal pronouns with examples:
1. Subject pronouns:
- Ben (I): Ben Türkiye'de yaşıyorum. (I live in Turkey.)
- Sen (You - singular informal): Sen çok güzelsin. (You are very beautiful.)
- O (He/She/It): O bugün işe gitmedi. (He/She/It did not go to work today.)
- Biz (We): Biz yarın okula gideceğiz. (We will go to school tomorrow.)
- Siz (You - plural or singular formal): Siz buraya nasıl geldiniz? (How did you get here?)
- Onlar (They): Onlar çok mutlular. (They are very happy.)
2. Object pronouns:
- Beni (Me): Beni ara. (Call me.)
- Seni (You - singular informal): Seni seviyorum. (I love you.)
- Onu (Him/Her/It): Onu gördüm. (I saw him/her/it.)
- Bizi (Us): Bizi bekleyin. (Wait for us.)
- Sizi (You - plural or singular formal): Sizi tanıyorum. (I know you.)
- Onları (Them): Onları davet etmedik. (We did not invite them.)
3. Possessive pronouns:
- Benim (My): Benim arabam var. (I have a car.)
- Senin (Your - singular informal): Senin evin çok güzel. (Your house is very beautiful.)
- Onun (His/Her/Its): Onun çantası kayboldu. (His/Her/Its bag got lost.)
- Bizim (Our): Bizim okulumuz büyük. (Our school is big.)
- Sizin (Your - plural or singular formal): Sizin işiniz ne? (What is your job?)
- Onların (Their): Onların çocukları var. (They have children.)
4. Reflexive pronouns:
- Kendim (Myself): Kendim için bir hediye aldım. (I bought a gift for myself.)
- Kendin (Yourself - singular informal): Kendinize iyi bakın. (Take care of yourself.)
- Kendisi (Himself/Herself/Itself): Kendisi ile konuşun. (Talk to him/her/it.)
- Kendimiz (Ourselves): Kendimiz için bir tatil planladık. (We planned a vacation for ourselves.)
- Kendiniz (Yourselves - plural or singular formal): Kendinizi rahat hissedin. (Make yourselves comfortable.)
- Kendileri (Themselves): Kendileri için bir parti düzenlediler. (They organized a party for themselves.)
The Ancient Egyptians called their writing medu neter also transliterated as mdw ntr or medw netcher or medu netcher.
Medu neter means 'dinine words'-medu is words ,neter is god,godly,dinine. Sacred writing was written in various ways in Egyptian Hieroglyphics.
Here are two of them.
Now let's see what each of the symbol stands for.
plural of nouns
Notice the three sticks (staffs) in the second variant.Repeating symbols marked the plural in Ancient Egyptian.
So,here the md symbol means word and is repeated three times thus meaning words.
More about the Divine Words.
Medu Neter, also known as Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs, is the writing system used in ancient Egypt from about 3200 BCE until the end of the fourth century CE. The term "Medu Neter" means "the language of the gods" and was used to write a variety of texts including religious, historical, and administrative documents.
The writing system consisted of a combination of logographic, alphabetic, and phonetic glyphs. Logographic glyphs represented entire words or concepts, while alphabetic glyphs represented individual sounds. Phonetic glyphs were used to represent sounds that were not represented by alphabetic glyphs.
Medu Neter was deciphered in the 19th century by scholars such as Jean-Francois Champollion, who used the Rosetta Stone as a key to unlock the meaning of the hieroglyphs. Today, Medu Neter is studied by scholars and Egyptologists as a means of understanding the ancient Egyptian language, culture, and history.
Thoth was a popular Egyptian god represented mostly as a man with the head of an ibis bird or sometimes having the form of a baboon.In Ancient Egyptian the god was actually called Djehouti (Ḏḥwty) .Thoth (Θωθ) is the Greek word for Djehouti.
His name was written in various ways in hieroglyphics.Take a look at the image below.
The snake,the birds,the flamengo and the sitting god-all living things- are all facing to the left ,so reading from left to write we got:
snake+flax tow+chicken+bread(above)+two dashes+sitting god with bird head=Thoth
or
flamengo+bread+two dashes=Thoth
or
hand+flax tow+chicken+bread+two dashes+flag=Thoth
The Ancient Egyptians did not follow a set direction to write their Hieroglyphics.
The direction of Hieroglyphic writting varied-from left to right or from right to left.
So ,which way can we read hieroglyphics?
This is simple.You just have to follow a couple of rules of thumb to figure out the direction which symbols are read.
notice the direction at which creatures (human and animals) or gods are facing.Start reading from that direction.
from top to bottom
And that is all.
So,if a vulture or a snake or a god or godess are facing right then you have to start reading from the right.
If there are two Hieroglyphs-one on top of the other- read the symbol on top first and then the one at the bottom.Continue reading to the direction you found from the first rule.
Unveiling Ancient Egyptian: A Glimpse into the Language of the Pharaohs
Unveiling Ancient Egyptian: A Glimpse into the Language of the Pharaohs
Introduction to Ancient Egyptian
Journey back to the land of the Pharaohs, where the Ancient Egyptian language flourished along the Nile’s fertile banks. One of the world’s oldest recorded languages, its first traces date to the 4th millennium BC, with fully formed phrases etched by 2690 BC. This sacred tongue, spoken for millennia, offers a window into a civilization of unparalleled grandeur.
The Divine Script: Hieroglyphs
Hieroglyphs, the sacred script of Ancient Egypt
Ancient Egyptians crafted hieroglyphs, a complex writing system of "sacred carvings" (from Greek). These intricate symbols, often carved into stone, adorned temples and tombs, serving religious and royal purposes. Called medu neter ("divine words") by the Egyptians, hieroglyphs were seen as a divine gift, embodying power and eternity.
For daily tasks, hieroglyphs were too intricate. The Hieratic script, a cursive form, was used on papyrus for records and literature. Later, the Demotic script emerged, even faster and suited for legal and commercial documents. These scripts made writing accessible beyond the elite scribes trained for years to master hieroglyphs.
The Coptic Evolution
Coptic script, the final chapter of Ancient Egyptian
As centuries passed, Ancient Egyptian evolved into Coptic, adopting the Greek alphabet with unique characters. This final stage connected ancient traditions to the early Christian era, preserving the language’s legacy until it faded from daily use.
Unlocking the Mystery: The Rosetta Stone
The Rosetta Stone, gateway to Egypt’s past
Hieroglyphs were a locked secret until 1799, when a French officer discovered the Rosetta Stone. This Ptolemaic artifact bore a decree in three scripts: hieroglyphs, Demotic, and Ancient Greek. By decoding the Greek, scholars like Jean-François Champollion cracked the hieroglyphic code, revealing Egypt’s ancient stories.
Explore Ancient Egyptian Further
Dive into the Pharaohs’ language with these topics:
