Mësuesi: Mirë, jeni dymbëdhjetë nxënës. Sa janë djem dhe sa janë vajza?
Arbeni: Gjysma, zoti mësues. Ja po i numërojë: një, dy, tre... gjashtë. Janë gjashtë djem dhe gjashtë vajza.
Mësuesi: Numërojë edhe vajzat.
Arbeni: Një, dy, tre...
Mësuesi: Gabim, jo tre, por tri.
Teacher: Well, you are twelve students. How many are boys and how many are girls?
Arbeni: Half, Mr. Teacher. Here he is counting them: one, two, three ... six. There are six boys and six girls.
Teacher: Count the girls too. Arbeni: One, two, three ...
Teacher: Wrong, not tre, but tri.
Arbeni: Më fal, zotri mësues, ashtu është; për gjinin mashkullore themi tre, kurse për femëroren tri. Tri vajza dhe tre djem.
Mësuesi: Sa bëjnë katër dhe tre?
Arbeni: Shtatë.
Mësuesi: Po, ashtu është, katër dhe tre bëjnë shatë. Sa bëjnë tetë pa dy?
Arbeni: Gjashtë.
Mësuesi: Përsërite!
Arbeni: Tetë pa dy bëjnë gjashtë.
Arben: Excuse me, teacher, that's right; for the masculine we say three, and for the feminine three. Three daughters and three sons.
Teacher: How many are four and three?
Arben: Seven.
Teacher: Yes, that's right, four and three make a hoof. How much do eight do without two? Arben: Six. Teacher: Repeat! Arbeni: Eight without two makes six.
Sot, me besë po përpiqem të mbaroj shkollën e lartë. Kam nota të mira, pasiguri në vetvete dhe ëndrra të shumta. Mamaja ime është shumë krenare për mua. Ajo ështe forca ime. Sa diell që ka në jetën time!
Today, I am confidently trying to finish high school. I have good grades, self-doubt and many dreams. My mom is very proud of me. She is my strength. How sunny it is in my life!
Turkish is a member of the big Turkic languages family that is thought to have originated in East Asia, in the area stretching from Mongolia to North Western China.
It belongs to Oguz (western) branch of the family.
The migrations and conquests of nomadic Turkic tribes brought their language to Western Asia and the Balkans.
In modern times immigrants brought their language to Western Europe, mainly Germany.
Turkic languages
Turkish is the most widely spoken language of the family with an estimate of about 70 to 80 million speakers.
Their common traits are vowel harmony, agglutination (the use of many prefixes and suffixes in one word) and no grammatical gender.
Turkish is a very logical language grammatically with few exceptions and not that hard to learn for English speakers.
Countries with substantial numbers of Turkish speakers. Germany is one too.
It is written in a variant of the Latin alphabet introduced by reforms of Kemal Ataturk meant to westernise the country.
Formerly the Ottoman alphabet was used the so-called and Turko-Arabic script based on Arabic which was the official alphabet of the Ottoman administration.
The Ottoman alphabet was abolished with the introduction of the new Turkish alphabet.
Turkish personal pronouns can be divided into several categories based on their grammatical function. Here are the main categories of Turkish personal pronouns with examples:
1. Subject pronouns:
- Ben (I): Ben Türkiye'de yaşıyorum. (I live in Turkey.)
- Sen (You - singular informal): Sen çok güzelsin. (You are very beautiful.)
- O (He/She/It): O bugün işe gitmedi. (He/She/It did not go to work today.)
- Biz (We): Biz yarın okula gideceğiz. (We will go to school tomorrow.)
- Siz (You - plural or singular formal): Siz buraya nasıl geldiniz? (How did you get here?)
- Onlar (They): Onlar çok mutlular. (They are very happy.)
2. Object pronouns:
- Beni (Me): Beni ara. (Call me.)
- Seni (You - singular informal): Seni seviyorum. (I love you.)
- Onu (Him/Her/It): Onu gördüm. (I saw him/her/it.)
- Bizi (Us): Bizi bekleyin. (Wait for us.)
- Sizi (You - plural or singular formal): Sizi tanıyorum. (I know you.)
- Onları (Them): Onları davet etmedik. (We did not invite them.)
3. Possessive pronouns:
- Benim (My): Benim arabam var. (I have a car.)
- Senin (Your - singular informal): Senin evin çok güzel. (Your house is very beautiful.)
- Onun (His/Her/Its): Onun çantası kayboldu. (His/Her/Its bag got lost.)
- Bizim (Our): Bizim okulumuz büyük. (Our school is big.)
- Sizin (Your - plural or singular formal): Sizin işiniz ne? (What is your job?)
- Onların (Their): Onların çocukları var. (They have children.)
4. Reflexive pronouns:
- Kendim (Myself): Kendim için bir hediye aldım. (I bought a gift for myself.)
- Kendin (Yourself - singular informal): Kendinize iyi bakın. (Take care of yourself.)
- Kendisi (Himself/Herself/Itself): Kendisi ile konuşun. (Talk to him/her/it.)
- Kendimiz (Ourselves): Kendimiz için bir tatil planladık. (We planned a vacation for ourselves.)
- Kendiniz (Yourselves - plural or singular formal): Kendinizi rahat hissedin. (Make yourselves comfortable.)
- Kendileri (Themselves): Kendileri için bir parti düzenlediler. (They organized a party for themselves.)
Divine speech, referring to hieroglyphs, used for sacred texts, decrees, and inscriptions, a gift from Thoth.
Sesh Medew Netcher
𓋴𓈙 𓌃𓊵𓇳
Writing the words of the gods
Sesh Per Em Heru
𓋴𓈙 𓉐𓇳 𓅱𓇳 𓅃
Writing in the manner of Horus
Sesh Per Ankh
𓋴𓈙 𓉐𓇳 𓋹
Writing for life
Mryt N Km.t
𓌻𓇳 𓈖 𓎤𓏏
Beloved of the Black Land
Sesh
𓋴𓈙
Writing, a skill of scribes in temples and courts.
Per Ankh
𓉐𓇳 𓋹
House of Life, where scribes studied knowledge.
Sample Dialogue
Person 1:
𓇋𓇳𓇳𓏏 𓍯𓇳𓇋 𓈖𓇳𓇋𓍯𓇳 𓈖𓇳𓍯𓇳 𓅃 𓍯𓇳
Iryt tawy nesut-bity netjeru her wer?
Do you speak the language of the pharaohs and the gods?
Person 2:
𓇋𓇳𓇳𓏏 𓍯𓇳𓇋 𓈖𓇳𓇋𓍯𓇳 𓈖𓇳𓍯𓇳 𓅃 𓍯𓇳
Iryt tawy nesut-bity netjeru her wer.
I speak the language of the pharaohs and the gods.
Person 1:
𓎛𓈖𓇳𓐍 𓇋𓇳𓇳 𓈖𓇳𓇋𓍯𓇳
Henek iry nesu-tawy?
Where did you learn it?
Person 2:
𓇋𓇳𓇳𓏏 𓇋𓇳𓇳 𓈖𓇳𓇋𓍯𓇳 𓍯𓇳𓇋
Iryt iry nesu-tawy tawy.
I learned it in the school.
Person 1:
𓇋𓇳𓇳𓏏𓇳𓄿 𓌳𓄿𓇳 𓈙𓄿𓇋
Iryt-ef maa-ef shai?
Do you understand me?
Person 2:
𓇋𓇳𓇳𓏏𓇳𓄿 𓌳𓄿𓇳 𓈙𓄿𓇋
Iryt-ef maa-ef shai.
I understand you.
Person 1:
𓎛𓈖𓎡𓏏 𓄤
Henket nefer!
That's good!
Person 2:
𓈖𓐍𓏏𓏏
Nekhtet!
Thank you!
What is Medu Neter
Overview
Medu Neter ("Divine Words") is Ancient Egypt’s hieroglyphic writing system, used from ~3100 BCE to 400 CE. Seen as a gift from Thoth, it held sacred power and was used for religious texts, decrees, and inscriptions.
Usage and Users
Medu Neter was used by scribes and priests, trained in the "House of Life" (Per Ankh). They inscribed temples, tombs, and papyrus for rituals, laws, and records, reflecting Egypt’s divine order.
Medu Neter combines logograms (whole words), syllabograms (phonetic sounds), and determinatives (clarifying meaning). Texts were read right-to-left or left-to-right based on sign direction.
The Egyptian "alphabet" includes ~24 uniliteral signs for single consonants. Scholars use these to transliterate words (e.g., "nfr" for "good") for educational purposes, despite lacking vowels.
Examples: 𓄿 (a), 𓋴 (s), 𓈖𓆑𓂧 (nfr, good)
Gardiner’s Sign List
Gardiner’s Sign List Sir Alan Gardiner’s Egyptian Grammar (1927) cataloged over 700 hieroglyphs, coded by category. It classifies signs as logograms, phonograms, or determinatives, aiding modern decoding.
